Review article the most important maglev applications. The two principal benefits of htscs for maglev vehicles may be 1 reduced. Levitation force analysis of medium and low speed maglev vehicles. Pdf electromagnetic suspension and levitation semantic. Magnetic levitation technology has shown a great deal of promise for micromanipulation tasks. The term magnetic levitation has come to be used in a wide variety of different.
Earnshaws theory strictly only applies to static fields. These systems are most often described in terms of the. Levitation system the propulsion system used is known as a. The base is a ring magnet with north oriented upwards. Although the united states pioneered in the theoretical approaches and. System variations and uncertainties are not accommodated. Magnetic levitation is the process of levitating an object by exploiting magnetic fields. This means that in theory the trains and track would need no mainte. Magnetic levitation is a method by which an object is suspended in the air with no support other than magnetic fields. Maglev can create frictionless, efficient, faroutsounding technologies. If this frequency is much larger than the inverse of the magnetic diffusion time, then the flux lines are repelled from the ohmic rails. The propulsion of the proposed emselectro magnetic suspension system can be achieved by integrating the functioning linear synchronous motor. Also, based on quantum theory, quantum levitation involving reversal casimir force, although still in its infancy with possible application in.
In control theory different classical nonlinear system are studied. As mentioned above, the major principle behind its operation is magnetic repulsion. The principles and commercial attractions of some of the levitation methods are considered with a discussion of magnetic levitation in the present article, followed by acoustic levitation in part 2. Projet design principles highspeed maglev system eisenbahn. Maglev derived from magnetic levitation is a transport method that uses the energy in magnetic levitation to move vehicles without touching the ground. The drag force is calculated based on the virtual work theory. The basic principle behind maglev is that if you put two magnets together in a certain way there will be a strong magnetic attraction and. According to the theoretical analysis in section iv. With maglev, a vehicle travels along a guideway using magnets to create both lift and propulsion, thereby reducing friction by a great extent and allowing very high speeds. Magnetic levitation maglev technologies the tokaido shinkansen began operations in 1964 and was an immediate success. Maglev is defined as a family of technologies in which a vehicle is suspended, guided, and propelled by means of magnetic forces.
Rather the purpose of this work is to help the design process with a clear understanding of the principles behind the gravitation, magnetic levitation and propulsion. On a suggestion by william whewell, faraday first referred to the phenomenon as. Mathematical modeling of transient processes in magnetic. Maglev systems utilize the fundamental physics of electric currents experiencing forces atadistance. The magnets used in magnetic levitation suspend an object free of contact with any surface, making it particularly appropriate for highspeed 275300 mph435475 kmh transportation, where it greatly reduces friction and allows for fast, quiet operation. One of the nonlinear system is magnetic levitation system. Learning the theory behind a physics principle is especially fun when you can see it actually being used in the real world. Because of the g people and goods, researchers ha and trains. It is used in its most basic form in educational teaching, where the principles of physics converge that have as their principle electromagnetism and the fields created by existing poles that repel according to a quantity of. Calculating magnetic forces the force between current carrying conductors is given by the lorentz law. Massachusetts institute of technology department of electrical engineering and computer science spring term 2008 maglev design problem 6.
Using a box cutter or knife, cut a trapezoid out of an old cd case that is about 2. His theory states that the electro moving force induced in an electric circuit always acts. T railway technology today 12 edited by kanji wako. Diamagnetism was first discovered when anton brugmans observed in 1778 that bismuth was repelled by magnetic fields. The fields are used to reverse or counteract the gravitational pull and any other counter accelerations.
The name maglev is derived from magnetic levitation. Levitation of a magnet above a cooled superconductor can been explained by the meissner effect. His theory states that t he emf induced in an electric circuit always acts in such a. Magnetic levitation in antiquity and the middle ages pdf. In the next section the principle of current adjustment will be presented.
The team plans to produce a small scale proofofconcept linear maglev system. This paper discusses the development of magnetic levitation vehicles in germany, japan, and the united states. How to use now as you can see there is zero friction involved in this project and thus it is easy to. This rail system is ref term for any transportation system forces. Magnetic levitation maglev technology and applications.
Download free magnetic levitation principles introduction magnetic levitation principles introduction getting the books magnetic levitation principles introduction now is not type of challenging means. Most controllers for maglev systems are designed based on a nominal linearized model. List of figures introductionmagnetic levitation, or maglev, is a technology used for highspeed trains in which the vehicle is lifted from the roadway or guideway by a magnetic field. Principle of magnetic levitation the 8figured levitation coils are installed on the sidewalls of the guide way. Magnetic levitation is a method by which an object is suspended in the air with no support other than the magnetic field. The maglev system is made possible by the use of electromagnets and magnetic fields. It analyses the theory of airgap magnetic of the driving joint and the mechanism of the generation of the magnetic levitation force and electromagnetic torque which based on the principle of. Abstract magnetic levitation is one of the mechanisms that is at the forefront of technology. The work principle of a magnetic bearing is based on levitation made by a magnetic field. Magnetic levitation, maglev or magnetic suspension is the method by which an object is suspended with no support other than magnetic fields. The principle of magnetic levitation has been known for over 100. Alternating current c weighs almost about 1500 tonnes head2right principle 1.
Abstractthe paper presents a new magnetic levitation spherical driving joint. Magnetic levitation is a highly advanced technology. Hendos work with magnetic levitation inspired this independent study and our work is based on their patent. M the word levitation is derived fro levitation is the use of magnetic f levitate a metallic object. Most of the system in real world are nonlinear system. Magnetic levitation maglev is a highly advanced technology. The horizontal x and vertical y components of the magnetic field from a planar halbach array are given by the expressions. Recent advances, notably in power electronics and magnetic materials, have focused this attention within the last decade on the application of electromagnetic suspension and levitation techniques to advanced ground transportation. Magnetic levitation means to rise and float in air. The two primary issues involved in magnetic levitation are lifting forces. Design, implementation and control of a magnetic levitation device. This increases efficiency, reduces maintenance costs, and increases the useful life of the system. Control theory has been used to explain this concept further.
Projectneutral design principles have been drafted for highspeed maglev systems and. The principle of magnetic levitation has been known for over 100 years. In 1845, michael faraday demonstrated that it was a property of matter and concluded that every material responded in either a diamagnetic or paramagnetic way to an applied magnetic field. Is the theoretical enveloping line of a vehicle bas. Offaxis, the radial magnetic field decreases as the reciprocal fourth power of height. This section will consider the extra research that is done on magnetic forces and the means that were used to calculate the forces in the magnetic levitation. As mentioned above, the major principle behind its. Presents the fundamental principles governing levitation of material bodies by magnetic fields without too much formal theory. When the onboard superconducting magnets pass at a high speed about several centimeters below the center of these coils, an electric current is induced within the coils, which then act as. There are basically two groups of forms to make the rotor hover in the air. Principle of maglev the train travels at a velocity u, and the moving flux lines and the rails see a moving magnetic field at a frequency of. Maglev is short for magnetic levitation, which means that these trains will float. The magnetic fields are used to reverse or counteract the gravitational pull and any other counter accelerations. Key laboratory of magnetic levitation technologies and maglev trains ministry of education of china, school of electrical.
The eddy current in turn creates an opposing magnetic eld, with a net force that is perpendicular to the conducting surface 3. Since then, japans shinkansen network has expanded considerably, and its success has prompted rapid development of highspeed railways in other countries as well, especially in the west. Magnetic levitation an overview sciencedirect topics. If the magnetic force of attraction is used, it is known as magnetic suspension. Research on the principle and structure of a new energy storage. A magnetic levitation maglev system is inherently nonlinear and openloop unstable because of the nature of magnetic force. Principle of propulsion make the train of pine wood and stick themagnets on them also in the same way and maintain equal distance. Make a dimple in the center of the plastic trapezoid by hammering a nail into the plastic just below the. Force analysis of linear induction motor for magnetic. Theoretical and experimental investigations into magnetic. With that being the case, instead of going through boring derivations about magnetic levitation, we will focus on an important application, highspeed trains, known as maglev trains.
In the past, magnetic levitation was attempted by using permanent magnets. You will be given a kit to build the basic system which you can. Magnetic fields are conservative forces and therefore in principle have no builtin damping. Levitation system the propulsion system used is known as a linear motor.
The specified maintenance actions must have an instruction manual for their execution which. Mathematical model and simulation of magnetic levitation. Defines the technology of magnetic bearings, especially those based on superconductivity, and demonstrates the key roles that magnetics, mechanics and dynamics play in the complete understanding of magnetic levitation and its bearings. Unlike a conventional motor, a linear motor creates linear motion instead of circular motion. This paper tries to study the most important principle uses and application of magnetic levitation technology and the development of magnetic levitation. Pdf a survey of magnetic levitation and magnetic bearing. The principle of magnetic levitation has been known for over. Practical applications of magnetic levitation technology. Magnetic levitation maglev or magnetic suspension is a method by which an object is.
Its magnetic field creates an upward attractive force on any magnetic object placed below. A longer wavelength configuration can be created using the same principles by placing the magnetic fields of the permanent magnets at different angles to create a more directed field 12. The basic theory, design and control rules are being researc. Magnetic levitation principles introduction magnetic fields caused. Magnetic force is used to counteract the effects of the gravitational acceleration and any other accelerations. The two norths repel, thereby providing an upwards force on the top due to the magnetic field from the base. One simple geometry for calculating the magnetic force per unit length is two infinitely. The phenomenon of levitation has attracted attention from philosophers and scientists in the past. Magnetic levitation principles introduction magnetic fields are used to describe forces at a distance from electric currents. You could not on your own going subsequently ebook heap or. The common point in all applications is the lack of contact and thus no wear and friction. Magnetic levitation or magnetic suspension is a method by which an object is suspended with no support other than magnetic fields. The following is a general explanation of the principle of maglev.
This paper presents a feasibility study of a novel magnetic levitation system through the use of singlesided linear induction motor slim segments implemented in a rotating ring system. However difficulty in stably levitating an object by using inverse square law is studied by samuel earnshaw in. This purportedly prompts planners, decision makers, designers, investors. Pdf magnetic levitation is a way of using electromagnetic fields to levitate objects without any noise. Friday, may 9, 2008 the purpose of this lab is to build and improve a small magnetic levitation maglev system. If a superconductor is cooled below its critical temperature while in a magnetic field, the magnetic field surrounds but does not penetrate the superconductor. Levitation and rotation of this ring system is realized. This book provides a comprehensive overview of magnetic levitation maglev technologies, from fundamental principles through to the stateoftheart, and describes applications both realised and under development. Z plane, illustrating flux density arrows generated between two ndfeb magnets in antihelmholtz configuration. If magnetic repulsion is used, it is known as magnetic levitation. Pdf a survey of magnetic levitation and magnetic bearing types. It includes a history of maglev science and technology showing the various milestones in its advancement.
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